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Artikel ini telah ditulis oleh Syammim Arifin

Ride & Handling (R&H) berkait rapat dengan rasa subjektif seorang pemandu terhadap keselesaan ride (ride comfort), maklumbalas steering (steering response) dan keupayaan handling. Bidang ini dipelopori di Amerika dan Eropah, dan banyak terhutang budi dan meminjam istilah dari bidang kejuruteraan pesawat yang terlebih dahulu faham tentang dinamik pergerakan pesawat di udara.

Umum mengetahui kejuruteraan enjin terlebih dahulu maju, dan seiring dengan ini peningkatan halaju kenderaan semakin ketara. Kemudian, barulah peri-penting R&H semakin disedari (dan lebih deselidiki dan difahami) agar kenderaan yang dipacu semakin laju masih boleh dikawal secara selamat oleh sesiapa yang memandu.

Kebiasaannya R&H dibahagi kepada tiga aspek utama:

1. Steering
2. Ride
3. Handling

Ada juga yang melihat R&H dari sudut berikut:

1. Lateral dynamics
2. Longitudinal dynamics
3. Vertical dynamics

.. sempena arah daya yang bertindak sewaktu membelok (lateral), membrek/memecut (longitudinal) dan sewaktu kereta melambung-lambung di jalan tidak rata (vertical).

Seperti yang mungkin anda sudah duga, R&H berkait rapat dengan cabang fizik berkenaan pergerakan kenderaan darat yang dinamakan Vehicle Dynamics (VD). VD menerangkan teori disebalik pergerakan atau dinamik sesebuah kenderaan. Asas VD pula adalah hukum Newton kedua yang masyhur iaitu F=ma (daya sama dengan jisim darab pecutan). Dari persamaan inilah kesemua teori-teori dan model-model matematik sesebuah kenderaan dimajukan.

VD mempunyai banyak cabang dan tidak hanya tertumpu kepada R&H. Antara bahagian-bahagian lain di dalam VD ialah jenis platfom kenderaan, sistem pemanduan berasaskan elektronik, dan sebagainya, dan ada juga cabang VD yang bertindih dengan bahagian pengetahuan lain seperti prestasi enjin, aerodinamik, kejuruteraan keselamatan, kejuruteraan perlumbaan dan sebagainya.

Walaupun R&H mungkin dianggap subset kepada VD, ada bahagian R&H yang tidak mudah ditelah oleh teori VD, iaitu aspek subjektif yang dirasai oleh seseorang pemandu (contoh keselesaan ride, maklumbalas steering, dsb). Inilah puncanya kenapa tiada satu pun OEM yang akan membangunkan sesebuah model kenderaan hanya berdasarkan kira-kira model matematik semata-mata.

Halaju kenderaan yang berubah-ubah, permukaan jalanraya, jenis pemanduan, jumlah bebanan kenderaan, faktor suhu dan cuaca, dan sebagainya menambah komplikasi kepada teori vehicle dynamics dalam aspek R&H.

Ini menyebabkan R&H banyak bergantung kepada pembangunan berdasarkan pendapat subjektif, dan disokong data-data pengukuran dan juga simulasi matematik untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih tepat tentang prestasi R&H sesebuah kenderaan.

Jika seseorang stylist atau perekabentuk kenderaan boleh memberikan karekter visual sesebuah kereta, jurutera R&H pula bertanggungjawab memberikan karekter dinamik yang dirasai pemandu dan penumpang sewaktu kereta dipandu.

Dalam siri seterusnya kita akan membincangkan sistem steering.

* Syammim Arifin kini berkhidmat dengan sebuah firma automotif, Benteler Engineering Services, anak syarikat Benteler Automotive di China. Sebelum itu beliau telah berkhidmat dengan Proton dan antara jurutera yang telah terlibat untuk penalaan sistem suspensi Proton Prevé.

the authorMohd Izarul
Founder
Pereka grafik berjiwa otomotif

38 Comments


  • so?
    apa yg cuba diterangkan kat sini?
    benda2 subjectif macam ni la menimbulkan kemarahan/ ketidakpuasan hati sesetengah pihak..
    contoh: Suprima dikatakan mempunyai R&H setanding golf, 308 and focus…. berdasarkan apa? syok sendiri punya rating ke?


    • Mmm… bukan ker mendatangkan ke’jealous’an? hehe… So far, dlm industri, RnH lotus masih antara yg terbaik dan disegani. Kalau x, xkn jenama2 terkemuka dunia pun masih ada yg memerlukan consultancy dari syarikat british nie?:) Even kalau ada yg melihat kesetandingan Suprima ini dgn jenama terkenal yg sekelasnya adalah kerana model2 nie gak adalah model benchmark bagi suprima semasa awal pembinaanya dulu;)

      Cheers!


      • yer bang, saya dah bawak Preve, Suprima, Golf TSI, Golf GTI, Focus Sport, 308 Turbo…dah bawak semua tu…..
        nk cakap pasal handling mmng subjectif la….as good as Suprima’s handling, i dun think its better than Golf/ focus/ 308 tho….. its getting there but not there yet…
        sbb tu owner golf/focus/308 marah dgn statement R&H Proton tu…
        lain la kalo rating tu diberi oleh org awam…maksudnya panggil sapa2 secara random, bagi dia bawak semua keta n bagi markah…,,baru betul…ini sapa bagi rating? H&T Proton sendiri je…. pikir2 sendiri la…


        • sy xnafikan hak rakyat marhaen utk menyuarakan apa yg mereka rasa psl sesetengah kereta yg mereka miliki.

          sy percaya individu professional telah memanduuji kereta tersebut.

          jika proton tipu, saman lah.


        • memandangkan hang kata 308T bagus dari Suprima so aku rasa hang punya argument otomatik dah invalid..308T adalah kete paling sampah dlm R&H dia..try push 308T to limit memang bersepah kat korner..

          focus is good tp tang dia tune tu ada lain sket dgn preve/suprima..dah bawak focus st?aku dah and it’s even better than golf gti..bukan nk ckp aku lg bagus dari hang tapi gives credit when it’s due..so aku rasa suprima ni on par with focus and golf..ada satu lebih ada satu kurang..

          bila kita test kita cuba terang hati sket jgn tgk badge bila nk compare


          • Focus ok. Tapi dia lain sket daripada Preve/Suprima. Drive Focus tak rasa contact dengan tayar, drive Suprima ada rasa contact dengan tayar. Saya pun tak tahu nak tulis bagaimana..ia subjektif.

            Tapi pasti, ia sangat berbeza dengan handling kereta jenama jepun.


          • dlm minggu ni baru test drive pug 208.
            xrasa bes pn.
            bunyi luar masuk dlm.
            seat blkg xselesa.

            tp salesman 208 tu ye ye je ckp handling bagus etc.

            nk test bagus 208 cmne pn aku xtau, dh dia bawak pusing dlm kg pandan jek.

            dulu aku test drive exora bold cfe, kt glenmarie, lalu depan BMW, depan kelab golf sume.

            test drive preve cfe pn sengal gak.
            boleh x g jln yg saya boleh achieve 110km/h? xble sbb insurance xcover..wth..

            setakat langgar lubang bunyi dup dup kata bagus, aku xtau la.


          • Em..baru berhajat nak test drive 208 – speedo instrument yang susah nak tgok tu…tengoklah bila2 free..

            Pug punya handling biasa-biasa sahaja. Cuma interiornya refine pada saya..

            Proton punya dealer pun sama. Dia kata, kereta tradeplate boleh naik dua orang – dealer dan customer. Habis camne nak test drive Exora? Naik 2 orang memanglah laju…Lepas tu dealer tu pun bagi naik ramai2. Keh3


          • speedo 208 tu xobstruct view.
            ejas seat lowest, tilt bawah, reach ok.
            mmg nmpk clear.
            seat dia ala2 bucket, syiok.


          • Dari segi warna saya rasa padanan warna interior 208 lagi baik dari padanan greyscale rio. Tapi bergantung kepada citarasa masing-masing. Tempat kaki hadapan 208 sebelah penumpang melekuk ke atas. Kalau perjalanan jauh akan jadi kurang selesa pada kaki, Tapi dah segmen sebegitu memang ruangnya kecil dan lebih sesuai untuk perjalanan dekat.


    • Ride & handling suprima s mungkin terbaik dalam kelasnya sesuai dgn teknologi talaan suspension, chasis dan steeringnya.

      Kalau nak banding kereta yg ada kawalan adaptive chassis control/chassis dynamic atau pelbagai mode pemanduan, itu dah dicerita lain sbb suprima bukan sekelas dgn kereta spec dan harga sebegitu.

      kompromi harga dan R&H yg ditawarkan proton pd preve/suprima s, ia sesuatu yg dianggap sangat berbaloi.


    • mungkin apa yang nak diterangkan kat sini pasal dinamik pemanduan…
      sebab dinamik pemanduan banyak mempengaruhi cara kita drive keta..
      sebab tu kalau budak2 keta diorg suka pasang staabilizer bar kat keta diorg bg handling mantap n keta x goyang sgt..
      setahu saya la, org barat kalo nak beli keta byk tgk pada dinamik sesebuah keta tu,,.
      tp lain kalo org malaysia, ramai yg beli kereta sebab rupa paras keta tu..
      bro FREDO xkan paham kot apa yg diterangkan kalau bro xbyk pengalaman bawak keta berlainan.. sebab stiap keta dia punya stability tu lain2..
      -my humble opinion-


  • aik,rasanya perkongsian ilmiah pun kena mrh jgk :-). bkn sng nk dpt ilmu yg mcm ni. lgpun,masih blum abis,br pengenalan jek. cer ler baca sampai abis, akan bersambung. br jek nk cite bab steering pasni.

    foning eden…mcm ni pun ada. ini ilmu bkn cedok google atau wikipidea. si penulispun dh xbersama prtn n x tlibat ngan suprima s.


    • mungkin sebab proton je yang highlight ride & handling kot, tu yang org ingat artikel ni ada kaitan dengan proton, padahal ni info secara umum, apa yg dimaksudkan dengan ride & handling


  • lol, tul tuh. orang kongsi ilmu pon cukup baik…kekadang test drive pon kena ader ilmu gak…bukan bawak 40km/h jalan jem. terus judge kete nih camnih la camtuh la…beramal dengan disokong ilmu itu lebih afdhal gituh…


  • Terima Kasih…Perkongsian yang menarik. Ini penulisan ilmiah, maka nak membacanya pun perlukan sedikit ilmu.

    Saya bagi contoh lain, mendengar ceramah Ustaz Azhar Idrus lebih mudah faham daripada mendengar ceramah Prof. Harun Din walaupun UAI bercakap dengan loghat terengganu. Lebih kurang camtulaa. Haha.

    Apa yang saya faham daripada artikel diatas, satu formula kiraan yang sistematik diperlukan untuk mendapatkan sesuatu yang subjektif..Em, maksudnya, nak berfalsafah pun kena ada formula..


  • aduss… org kongsi ilmu pun nak marah sbb tak faham ker?.. hahahaha pelik betul perangai org sekrg…
    kalau nak marah, korang baca article kat bawah ni..

    Najib bows to Proton pressure?
    K Kabilan
    | September 17, 2013

    High-placed sources claim government backtracks on decision to use Honda Accords after Proton forces its way in by promising new executive models, deliverable in the next three months.

    KUALA LUMPUR: Proton has emerged as a major winner after forcing the government to make a last minute U-turn to allow the national carmaker to continue supplying official vehicles to the federal government to replace the aging Proton Perdana Executive and Inspira series.

    The government had originally agreed in July this year to replace the Perdana Executive and Inspira fleet with the Honda Accord series.

    Honda Accord was picked following Proton’s inability to come up with a model to replace the out-of-production Perdana series. Letters to that effect had been sent out to all government agencies and ministers. In fact, Honda has been notified of the immediate purchase of 350 Accords – the 2013 models which were launched early this month.

    However on Monday, Sept 9, Proton managed to convince Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak to allow Proton to continue supplying its models to the federal government. The speed in which this decision was made has baffled Putrajaya officials and industry players.

    According to government sources, the Proton high-level management team had called for a meeting with the National Economic Advisory Council on Monday to put forward their proposals on their readiness to supply the official fleet. The meeting was chaired by Najib.

    According to the people-in-the-know, Proton informed the economic council and Najib that it was ready with a new model which could be used for the official government fleet, and that the delivery could be made as early as next January.

    On Tuesday, a team of high ranking government officials made a visit to Proton to inspect the prototype vehicle, coming back highly convinced of the model.

    On Wednesday, Najib informed the cabinet that the earlier decision to replace the Perdana Executive and Inspira series with Honda Accord had been cancelled, and that Proton would be delivering its models for the government fleet.

    Sources said Najib had said that the decision was made as “it was the government’s duty to protect Proton”. This was reminiscent of former prime minister Dr Mahathir Mohamad’s defence of Proton in the past. Proton is Mahathir’s brainchild and he continues to serve as the carmaker’s advisor.

    Industry players claimed that Proton managed to outmuscle the government on this matter by using the influence of Proton’s godfather Mahathir and business tycoon Syed Mokhtar Al- Bukhary, whose company DRB-Hicom took over Proton in 2012. Interestingly DRB-Hicom also has a joint venture manufacturing collaboration with Honda.

    FMT also learnt that Mahathir had met Najib personally on this matter.

    Questions persist on Proton’s ability

    Although Proton has managed to keep its hold to supply the government vehicles, questions still remain on its ability to deliver as promised.

    “Proton has failed to introduce a proper replacement model for the Perdana series all these years. And now it has promised the government to deliver a new model by the beginning of next year.

    “What is of concern is, how can they come up with a model so quickly when six months ago they were clueless, to the extent of allowing the government to look at Honda?”

    “Now, suddenly their R&D work is complete, and they have a prototype. Even then, can they start their manufacturing line quick enough to supply the vehicles to the government over the next four years?,” asked an industry expert.

    “What about doing the roadworthiness tests and other inspections on the new model? Do they have the time for this?”

    He also asked if Proton had its own engines to fit the models, or if they would be tapping into someone else’s product.

    “Would the final product be a unit which, say, belongs to Honda, an engine from someone else, but is passed off as a Proton model?”

    “If that’s the case, the only work Proton would be doing is to assemble the units, fit in the engines, do some cosmetic works, and put its badge before delivering them to the government,” he speculated.

    Another industry oldtimer said that the whole scheme appeared as though the government was only interested in bailing out Syed Mokhtar and Proton.

    “It does not make any sense. Why would Najib agree to this last minute flip-flop? Why not proceed with the Honda Accord models as planned, and when Proton is eventually ready with its own models, the government can then use the Proton models,” he said.

    “This is a false sense of nationalism, saying that the government was duty-bound to support Proton,” he said.

    He speculated that in the end, even if Proton was unable to deliver the vehicles next January, DRB- Hicom would be in a position to marry the Proton brand name and the available Honda Accord models for delivery.

    “At the end of the day, it all looks like Proton wanting to keep its name as the government’s official fleet supplier. Obviously the benefits are huge for them to go to this level to convince the government to continue backing them,” he said.

    An official announcement on the decision to use Proton models as official government vehicles is expected to be announced soon.


  • talking about good handling,
    brakes,
    but not to forgot that the seat also need to be comfortable but supportive,
    steering and pedal distance should be ideal, for a good control and reaction.

    its outside and inside relationship, both.
    but now proton is lacking,,,,,, whats inside


  • saya bukannya MARAH…cuba baca betul2 statement kat atas tu…

    kan menanya soalan tu, WHAT IS D POINT EXPLAINING THOSE THEORY ?

    bukan apa, explanation dia tu macam tergantung…takde conclusion..
    straight to the point please…


      • betul tu bro, aku pun paham apa dia tulis…aku tak cakap salah pun..

        aku tanya what is d point je? takkan tu pun marah? apa sensitif benar ni…

        mmng la baik dah artikel tu…cuma lebih elok kalo dia buat conclusion sikit…
        Contoh: kesimpulannya, kereta yg mempunyai handling yg bagus lebih selamat (selain daripada seronok) dipandu bla..bla…bla…bla..
        or..
        kereta mempunyai ‘ride’ yg bagus seperti vios tidak semestinya mempunyai ‘handling’ yg bagus seperti suprima-s….dan sebagainya

        contoh aje tu.,…syammim lebih tau la…


  • aslmkm…izinkan tuan hamba mengomen skit…tuan punya blogger cuma nak sampaikan sedikit ilmu sahaja dr beberapa cabang ilmu dlm kejuruteraan automotif. so, org yg kurang kefahaman tentang kejuruteraan mmg kurang fhm apa yg nak diterangkan kat situ,sbb sbg ex-student automotive engineering, sy fhm apa yg diberikan tuan punya blog tu…ianya mcm ringkasan dlm ilmu r&h..kalau nak diterangkan secara spesifik,x semua org akan fhm. klau kita baca ulasan-ulasan dari majalah2 kereta terkenal mcm CAR atau AUTOCAR versi Britain pun lebih kurang mcm tu gak penerangan nya…cuba berfikir secara rasional sebelum komen…please. tq


    • oh ye ke?

      errmmm..silap la dulu tak belajar ilmu kejuruteraan automotif ni…

      tapi tak perlu la nk jadi saintis roket nak faham apa aku tulis kat atas tu sbnarnya…
      nama pun komen umum…. tak perlu la defensive sangat…
      aku percaya syamim sendiri bole terima kritikan/ komen yg membina tu….apsal korang pulak lebih2 ?

      aku bukannya benci proton pun, cuma nk share pendapat je…apa yg aku rasa…bukan nak menjatuhkan korang pun….tapi kalo asyik dok defensive macam ni macam mana org naik nak tolong?
      skarang aku paham why certain people buat tak tahu je walopun diorang ada benda nak tergur/ nasihat for the good, not otherwise

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